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• NQ Higher Sciences home
• About NQ Higher Sciences
• Biology
  • Learning and Teaching
    • Teacher advice
    • Animations and videos
    • Key Skills
    • Case studies
    • All resources
  • DNA and the Genome
    • Structure and replication of DNA
      • Topic details
    • Gene expression
      • Topic details
    • Genome
      • Topic details
  • Metabolism and survival
    • Metabolism is essential for life
      • Topic details
    • Maintaining metabolism
      • Topic details
    • Investigating metabolism in microorganisms
      • Topic details
  • Sustainability and interdependence
    • Science of food production
      • Topic details
    • Interrelationships and dependence
      • Topic details
    • Biodiversity
      • Topic details
• Chemistry
  • Learning and teaching
    • Changes to Higher Chemistry
    • Animations and videos
    • All resources
  • Periodicity, Polarity and Properties
    • Trends in the Periodic Table and Bonding
      • a) The arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table
      • b) Bonding and structure in the first twenty elements
      • c) Periodic trends in ionisation energies and covalent radii
      • d) Periodic trends in electronegativity
      • e) Polar covalent bonds
      • f) Bonding continuum
    • Intermolecular forces
      • a) Van der Waals' forces
      • b) London dispersion forces
      • c) Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions
      • d) Hydrogen Bonding
      • e) Relating properties to intermolecular forces
      • f) Predicting solubility from solute and solvent polarities
    • Oxidising and reducing agents
      • a) Elements as oxidising or reducing agents
      • b) Molecules and group ions can act as oxidising and reducing agents
      • c) Everyday uses for strong oxidising agents
      • d) Ion-electron and redox equations
  • Consumer Chemistry
    • Alcohols
      • a) Ethanol production
      • b) Alcohols
      • c) Uses of alcohols
    • Carboxylic acids
      • a) Carboxylic acids
      • b) Uses of carboxylic acids
    • Fruit Flavours
      • a) Esters
      • b) Making esters
      • c) Uses of esters
      • d) Hydrolysis of esters
    • Fats and oils
      • a) Edible fats and oils
      • b) The melting points of fats and oils
    • Proteins
      • a) Function of proteins
      • b) Amino acids
      • c) Amide links
      • d) Hydrolysis of protein
    • Chemistry of Cooking
      • a) Flavour in food
      • b) Changes in protein structure upon heating
    • Oxidation of Food
      • a) Oxidation of alcohols
      • b) Aldehydes and Ketones
      • c) Antioxidants
    • Soaps and Emulsions
      • a) Making soap
      • b) Cleansing action of soaps
      • c) Emulsions in food
    • Fragrances
      • a) Essential oils
      • b) Terpenes
    • Skin Care Products
      • a) Effect of ultraviolet light
      • b) Free radical reactions
      • c) Free-radical scavengers
  • Principles to Production
    • Getting the most from costly reactants
      • a) Factors influencing the design of an industrial process
      • b) Calculation of the mass or volume (for gases) of products, assuming complete conversion of reactant(s)
      • c) Calculations concerning reactions which involve solutions
      • d) Reversible reactions
      • e) Altering Equilibrium Position
      • f) Percentage Yield and Atom Economy
      • g) Excess
    • Controlling the rate
      • a) Collision theory
      • b) Reaction Profiles
      • c) Temperature and Kinetic Energy
      • d) Catalysts
    • Chemical energy
      • a) Enthalpy
      • b) Enthalpies of combustion
      • c) Hess's law
      • d) Bond enthalpies
    • Chemical analysis as part of Quality Control
      • a) Chromatography can be used to check the composition and purity of reactants and products
      • b) Volumetric titration
  • Researching Chemistry
    • Key skills
      • Web-based research
      • Planning and carrying out an experiment
      • Processing and analysing experimental results
      • Evaluating and drawing conclusions
      • Effective scientific communication
    • Topical investigations
• Human Biology
  • Learning and teaching
    • Teacher advice for Human Biology
    • Animations and videos for Human Biology
    • Key Skills for Human Biology
    • Case studies for Human Biology
    • All resources for Higher Human Biology
  • Human cells
    • Differentiation in human cells
      • Topic details
    • DNA structure and function
      • Topic details
    • Cell metabolism
      • Topic details
  • Physiology and health
    • Reproduction
      • Topic details
    • The cardiovascular system
      • Topic details
  • Neurobiology and communication
    • The nervous system
      • Topic details
    • Communication and social behaviour
      • Topic details
  • Immunology and public health
    • The immune system
      • Topic details
    • Infectious diseases and immunity
      • Topic details
• Physics
  • Learning and teaching
    • Changes to Higher Physics
    • Animations and videos
    • All resources
  • Our Dynamic Universe
    • Equations of motion
      • a) Equations of motion for objects with constant acceleration in a straight line
      • b) Motion-time graphs for motion with constant acceleration
      • c) Motion of objects with constant speed or constant acceleration
    • Forces, energy and power
      • a) Balanced and unbalanced forces
      • b) Resolving a force into two perpendicular components
      • c) Work done, potential energy, kinetic energy and power
    • Collisions and explosions
      • a) Elastic and inelastic collisions
      • b) Explosions and Newton’s Third Law
      • c) Impulse
    • Gravitation
      • a) Projectiles and Satellites
      • b) Gravity and mass
    • Special relativity
    • The expanding Universe
      • a) The Doppler Effect and redshift of galaxies
      • b) Hubble's Law
      • c) Evidence for the expanding Universe
    • Big bang theory
      • a) The temperature of stellar objects
      • b) Evidence for the Big Bang
  • Particles and Waves
    • The standard model
      • a) Orders of magnitude
      • b) The standard model of fundamental particles and interactions
    • Forces on Charged particles
      • a) Electric fields around charged particles and between parallel plates
      • b) Movement of charge in an electric field, p.d. and work, electrical energy
      • c) Charged particles in a magnetic field
      • d) Particle accelerators
    • Nuclear Reactions
      • a) Fission and fusion
    • Wave Particle duality
      • a) The photoelectric effect and wave particle duality
    • Interference and diffraction
      • a) Conditions for constructive and destructive interference
      • b) Interference of waves using two coherent sources
      • c) Diffraction grating using light
    • Refraction of light
      • a) Refraction
      • b) Critical angle and total internal reflection
    • Spectra
      • a) Irradiance and the inverse square law
      • b) Line and continuous emission spectra, absorption spectra and energy level transitions
  • Electricity
    • Electrons and Energy
      • a) Monitoring and measuring a.c.
      • b) Current, voltage, power and resistance
      • c) Electrical sources and internal resistance
      • d) Capacitors
    • Electrons at work
      • a) Conductors, semiconductors and insulators
      • b) p-n junctions
  • Researching Physics
    • Key skills
    • Topical Investigations